Northern European trade companies broke Iberian commercial monopolies.

Evidence

But the Dutch and the English set out to flout the Spanish and Portuguese commercial monopolies. The British East India Company was founded in 1599, the Dutch East India Company in 1602. After their independence from Spain in 1584, the Dutch became one of the most powerful commercial nations, their East Indies trade laying the basis for the flourishing of Dutch bourgeois culture (Schama 1977). — Stuart Hall, Essential Essays, Volume 2, 554

Categorization

• XREF: The founding of the East India Companies (1599-1602) is a pivot point for later readings on how European trade/infrastructure preceded Orientalist knowledge about the Islamic world. — connects to: Collapse of Italian monopolies devastated the Somali plantation economy — I.M. Lewis, I. M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali_ Nation…, 324
• yield-rescued: below the book’s yield-target cutoff, included anyway for connecting to: Collapse of Italian monopolies devastated the Somali plantation economy — I.M. Lewis, I. M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali_ Nation…, 324