Nonlethal police force is used on Blacks far out of proportion to population

Evidence

Examining lethal as well as nonlethal use of force, researchers from the Center for Policing Equity (CPE) compiled a data set of nearly 15,000 uses of force incidents that occurred between 2010 and 2015 and involved a dozen law enforcement agencies across the country (Goff, Lloyd, Geller, Raphael, & Glaser, 2016). On average, 43 percent of use of force incidents involved a Black community member, compared to 33 percent that involved a White community member. Accounting for population demographics, the rate at which force was used with Blacks was 2.5 times the overall use of force rate and 3.6 times the rate for Whites. — Joseph Avery, Jim Sidanius, Joel Cooper, Gregory Davis, Amanda N., Bias in the Law, 373

Categorization

• XREF: CPE dataset and 3.6x ratio help the reader distinguish lethal from nonlethal force disparities, relevant to any decomposition of how bias operates at different force levels.
• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — Joseph Avery, Jim Sidanius, Joel Cooper, Gregory Davis, Amanda N., Bias in the Law: A Definitive Look at…, 373