No African country besides Liberia offered to host Africom, reflecting widespread opposition.

Evidence

Many in Africa, and elsewhere, were less enthusiastic. No fewer than seventeen countries, including the continental powers South Africa and Nigeria, expressed explicit opposition to Africom. With the exception of Liberia, no country offered to host the command. Given the criticism from other nations and civil society organizations, its headquarters remained in Stuttgart, Germany. Many saw Africom as little more than nineteenth-century Western colonialism rebooted—a plan for the domination of African oil and other resources, cloaked in the language of humanitarianism. Many U.S. critics also feared that the command represented the militarization of foreign policy and development aid, with Africom set to usurp many of the roles played by the State Department and the U.S. Agency for International Development. — David Vine, Base Nation_ How U.S. Military Bases…, 992

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to the reader’s broader project on how foreign bases harm host nations and face resistance — parallels host-country opposition documented elsewhere in the book.