New labor groups arrive superexploited and branded, then rise as later waves follow

Evidence

Groups with distinctive social class, racial, ethnic, and sexual characteris­ tics have been historically drawn into the U.S. wage-labor system in suc­ cessive “waves.” Each has tended to be, at first, a group which is superexploited and socially branded, but with the passage of time, with political organization and representation, and with the appearance of an­ other wave of new wage laborers to fill the lowest occupational slots, each has secured a foothold in particular spheres and levels of production. — Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis, Schooling in Capitalist America, 666

Categorization

• XREF: This ‘successive waves’ model of labor absorption connects to ch25’s reserve-army argument and to broader segmented-labor-market findings on immigration and ethnic succession. — connects to: Employers exploit society’s broader prejudices as a free labor-control resource — Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis, Schooling in Capitalist America:…, 916; Each labor wave faced a distinctive occupational experience tied to the economy’s stage — Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis, Schooling in Capitalist America:…, 669
• SEED: A possible essay angle: how each wave of exploited labor buys mobility for its predecessor, framing contemporary immigration debates around a fixed low-rung in the occupational hierarchy.
• recurring: this claim recurs 2 times within its source

Broader Connections

• Each labor wave faced a distinctive occupational experience tied to the economy’s stage #exemplifies (0.85) — Samuel Bowles and Herbert Gintis, Schooling in Capitalist America, 669