Nepotism was structurally endemic in Egypt’s army, not a correctable aberration

Evidence

As watchful as Ibrahim was of his commanders, he could not, of course, control the activities of every officer in the army. One problem was particularly difficult: nepotism in promotions. Given the very nature of the army, however, it is not surprising to find nepotism at work whether in cases of appointments, promotions, or exemptions from punishments. Bearing in mind the composition of the officer corps of the army and in particular appointments to the senior positions, nepotism appears to have been an essential element in the army and not a mere aberration to be corrected. As early as 1823 when the first regiments were being formed, complaints about irregularities and inconsistencies in promotion were being reported. — Khaled Fahmy, All the Pasha_s Men_ Mehmed Ali, his…, 930