Nazi atrocity arose from countless unsanctioned individual acts, not just top-down orders.

Evidence

The writer of the introduction reflected on the horrors described in the book: “No one had issued orders that infants should be thrown into the air as shooting targets, or hurled into the fire alive, or have their heads smashed against walls… . Innumerable individual crimes, one more horrible than the next, surrounded and created the atmosphere of the gigantic crime of extermination.” The au­ thor was none other than Hannah Arendt (1966, p. xxiv), giving recognition to the fact that there was another face to the Holocaust than that of the duti­ ful bureaucrat, and she stated that the Frankfurt trial “in many respects reads Perpetrator Behavior as Destructive Obedience like a much-needed supplement to the Jerusalem trial” (p. — Leonard S. Newman and Ralph Erber (eds.), Understanding Genocide, 646

Categorization

• XREF: Directly complicates the Milgram obedience-to-authority model that de-emphasizes autonomous perpetrator initiative.
• DEFINE: Arendt in her own words delineating the alternative ‘face’ of the Holocaust: diffusion of cruelty without explicit orders.