National identity can ignite from defeat and subjection rather than flourishing.

Evidence

“Not until Austria and Prussia had fallen after a vain struggle did I really begin to love Germany …as Germany succumbed to conquest and subjection it became to me one and indissoluble,” writes E. M. Arndt in his Erinnerungen aus Schweden, 1818, p. 82. — Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism, 2259

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: A national humiliation on home soil transformed quickly into a manic embrace of defeat — Vincent Bevins, If We Burn: The Mass Protest Decade and…, 537; Difficult conditions activate underlying weakness beneath nations’ superiority beliefs, motivating self-defense. — Leonard S. Newman and Ralph Erber (eds.), Understanding Genocide: The Social…, 98