Muslims escaped church penalties because they were never baptized

Evidence

Neither at Cluny nor elsewhere did polemists take the canonical position into account; a Muslim, unlike a heretic, had not been baptised and was not liable to penalties for leaving the Church. — Norman Daniel, Islam and the West, 1037

Categorization

• XREF: The legal-administrative view of heresy (baptism as precondition) parallels secular legal categories requiring membership to punish dissent — ties to the reader’s law-merchant and institutional-economics reading.