Muslim states enacted shari’a law where Islamists threatened their rule.

Evidence

Governments in Muslim countries also acted to Islamicize law. In Indonesia Islamic legal concepts and practices were incorporated into the secular legal system. Reflecting its substantial non-Muslim population, Malaysia, in contrast, moved toward the development of two separate legal systems, one Islamic and one secular. In Pakistan during the regime of General Zia ul-Haq, extensive efforts were made to Islamicize the law and economy. Islamic penalties were introduced, a system of shari’a courts established, and the shari’a declared the supreme law of the land. — Samuel P. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the…, 316

Categorization

• XREF: Parallels institutional adaptation stories like the private justice systems in the diamond trade and Champagne Fairs — how law gets re-engineered under political pressure.