Mulvey theorized three layered voyeuristic gazes subjugating women in cinema

Evidence

Film students are probably most familiar with notions of voyeurism through Laura Mulvey’s famous 1975 essay “Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema.” Mulvey argued there are three types of voyeuristic gaze propelling the subjugation of women in mainstream cinema. First, there is the gaze of the camera surveying the scene, undetected by those it watches. Next, there is the editing, which tends to arrange narrative so that men are looking and women are being looked at. Finally, there is spectator, forced to identify with the look of the camera and editing and see as they see. — Theresa M. Senft, Camgirls, 317

Categorization

• DEFINE: Concise distillation of Mulvey’s three-gazes framework, useful as a reference definition.
• XREF: connects to: Mulvey’s male-gaze theory still explains media power despite critiques — Theresa M. Senft, Camgirls: Celebrity and Community in…, 323; Even self-directed feminine adornment requires an external gaze — Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex, 1574; Low-resolution poor images can subvert spectacle hierarchies by forging shared affect (+6 more)

Broader Connections

• Both sexes implicitly center perspective on the male, making woman the object #expands (0.95) — Sarah Bakewell, At the Existentialist Café, 681
• Mulvey’s male-gaze theory still explains media power despite critiques #expands (0.92) — Theresa M. Senft, Camgirls, 323
• Racist voyeurism mirrors the Freudian primal scene’s dynamic of seeing without being seen #expands (0.80) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1411
• Even self-directed feminine adornment requires an external gaze #corroborates (0.78) — Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex, 1574
• Cinema builds the imaginative space of the racialized other through light-dark binaries #expands (0.76) — Sophia Rose Arjana, Muslims in the Western Imagination, 680
• Web spectatorship differs from cinema in being tactile grabbing rather than gaze #qualifies (0.76) — Theresa M. Senft, Camgirls, 324
• Looking and being seen form ‘ecologies of looking’ where nature dominates the optics #qualifies (0.75) — Rob Nixon, Slow Violence and the Environmentalism…, 518
• Fan reconstruction of camgirl events depends on viewers’ arbitrary screen grabs #exemplifies (0.75) — Theresa M. Senft, Camgirls, 327
• Low-resolution poor images can subvert spectacle hierarchies by forging shared affect #complicates (0.74)