Monarchy was attacked from left, religious, and modernist quarters alike

Evidence

The institution of kingship or, more specifically, the use of royal titles, was under attack from various sides: by liberals and leftists who saw a republican form of government as more in accord with their ideologies and aspirations; by Muslim fundamentalists who had revived the tradition of Islamic condemnation of royal pomp and titulature; and more generally by those who felt that monarchy was old-fashioned and republics were modern and progressive. — Bernard Lewis, From Babel to Dragomans, 542

Categorization

• XREF: Joins the Islam-West representation cluster as evidence of an internal Islamic critique of monarchy distinct from Western Orientalist framing. — connects to: Republican soldiers who attacked barracks under Mazzini were executed by the monarchy.