Mizrahi Jews excluded from national politics built local power bases

Evidence

The issue of ‘edati political action did not go away. In the early 1960s, oriental Jews excluded from national politics gained power on the local level, winning seats on municipal councils. In Beersheva, the leader of the Iraqi immigrants was David Hakham, who, while working within the local Mapai machine, climbed to the position of deputy mayor before being ousted from the party in 1963, on the eve of municipal elections. He then organized a separate oriental list, while Robert Hayim, an immigrant from Egypt, did the same thing in Ashdod. — Ivan Davidson Kalmar, Derek Penslar, Orientalism and the Jews, 713

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to patterns of local-level political incorporation when national systems exclude ethnic minorities — parallels blocked minority politics in other settler states.
• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — Ivan Davidson Kalmar, Derek Penslar, Orientalism and the Jews, 713