Military discipline replaced armies composed of part-time tradesmen with a permanent, separate community.

Evidence

The new army, it was explained in an official Ottoman pamphlet, ‘should not, like the rest of our forces, be composed of sellers of pastry, boatmen, fishermen, coffee-house keepers, baccals, and others who are engaged in the thirty-two trades, but of well disciplined men’. An army was no longer to be thought of as an occasional body, brought together for seasonal campaigns. It was to be an organised force, created out of men compelled to live permanently together as a distinct community, continuously under training even when not at war. — Timothy Mitchell, Colonising Egypt, 136

Categorization

• DEFINE: Defines the historical shift in what an ‘army’ meant, from a seasonal levy of tradesmen to a permanent disciplined community.