Merely being Muslim provokes different sanctions than visibly practicing Islam in distinct national regimes

Evidence

Being Muslim, in places like China or India, was enough to face the wrath of structural or private Islamophobia, while acting Muslim—freely exercising one’s faith in line with one’s spiritual beliefs—invited suspicion and scorn in France and everywhere that distinctive French plague of Islamophobia was exported. In New Zealand, on that unholy Friday in 2019 in Christchurch, praying before Allah invited the same murder that befell George Floyd. Fifty-one times over. — Khaled A. Beydoun, The New Crusades_ Islamophobia and the…, 1121

Categorization

• XREF: Links to Iftikhar’s global synthesis and reader’s guiding question on how states deploy distinct Islamophobic techniques.