Men’s intrasexual competition is more lethal than women’s, which tends to take reputational form.

Evidence

Evidence of substantially higher levels of intrasexual competition and aggression among men can be found all around us, from self-report measures of aggression to aggressive behavior in laboratory studies, intensely competitive forms of play among male children, individual homicides, gang wars, and full-scale international conflagrations (e.g., Archer, 2004; Bettencourt & Miller, 1996; Eagly & Steffen, 1986; Keegan, 1993; Terrell, Hill, & Nagoshi, 2008; Wrangham & Peterson, 1996). Although there is certainly intense and sometimes violent intrasexual competition among human women often expressed in the form of reputational aggression (see especially Prinstein & Cillessen, 2003; see also Archer, 2004; Bjorkqvist, Lagerspetz, & Kaukiainen, 1992; Campbell, 1999), competition among men is often much more physically violent and lethal than that found among women. — Roderick M. Kramer, Geoffrey J. Leonardelli, Robert W. Livingston, Social Cognition, Social Identity, and…, 1200

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to the theme of competition and social capital in the Milgrom law-merchant and social capital sources already in the library.