Medieval writers knew the Shahadah served as Islam’s conversion formula

Evidence

Mandeville, in a passage distinct from those that he took from Tripoli, spoke of the use of the Shahadah to receive a convert into Islam loc rcit.) — Norman Daniel, Islam and the West, 2322

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Medieval attackers exploited the shahadah to reverse the charge of associating partners with God.