Medieval theorists assumed Muslim culpability rather than argued it

Evidence

Humbert’s arguments for toleration were sensible, although reluctant; his justification of the war was enthusiastic and irrational. The culpability of Muslims was not argued, but stated as self-evident; so was the divine authority. — Norman Daniel, Islam and the West, 644

Categorization

• XREF: Mirrors the vault’s finding that the ‘enemy’ status of Islam is asserted as self-evident premise in modern discourse, not empirically grounded (Razack’s ‘casting out’).