Medieval Spanish anti-Islamic polemics survive mainly as fragments quoted by Muslim refuters

Evidence

These texts, which attest to the frequency of interfaith disputation and polemic in Spain in the eleventh and twelfth centuries, survive for the most part in fragmentary form. Three of them survive only as fragments cited by Muslim authors. — John V. Tolan, Saracens, 799

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to how our knowledge of medieval heresy and dissent depends on the refutations of opponents - same pattern as scholars reconstructing Catharism or early Islam from hostile sources.