Medieval friars ranked monotheists hierarchically by closeness to Christian truth

Evidence

Ricoldo classified the populations of the East under four heads, in order of increasing remoteness from the truth: heretical Christians, Nestorian or Jacobite; Jews; Muslims; and Mongols or pagans. Heretics held the integral revelations, but were in error about the mode of Incarnation; Jews did not have the New Testament and were in error about the Old; Muslims had no revelation and no understanding, but had their Devil’s law with some useful things; pagans had no law, understanding, worship or religion at all. — Norman Daniel, Islam and the West, 1061