Medieval demons most often appeared as blackened men, Ethiopians, or Indians

Evidence

The damned were often shown being tormented by serpents in visions of Hell, and this was depicted in medieval art. More usually, however, in earlier and later literature the demon has the appearance of a black man, an Ethiopian, or “an Indian boy.” — Sophia Rose Arjana, Muslims in the Western Imagination, 203

Categorization

• SHARE: The detail that demons were usually rendered as ‘an Indian boy’ is specific enough for someone working on medieval racialized demonology.