Medieval crusading ideology constructed Muslims as collectively guilty

Evidence

In the Crusade, he maintained, it was not the innocent who were attacked, as happened in the West, when poor farmers and hospitals and leper-colonies suffered; on the contrary, the Muslim nation was summa culpabilis. — Norman Daniel, Islam and the West, 644

Categorization

• XREF: Directly parallels Aziz’s Racial Muslim and Anidjar’s genealogy of the Jew-Arab enemy — the construction of a whole religious nation as categorically culpable and therefore targetable. — connects to: Lynch mobs justify murder by merging contemporary Muslims with mythic demons — Nadim N. Rouhana and Nadera Shalhoub-Kevorkian, When Politics Are Sacralized:…, 1204
• SEED: Essay angle: how ‘collective culpability’ as a legal-theological category migrates from medieval crusading bulls to modern securitization doctrine targeting whole Muslim populations.