Measured fundamental frequency per cycle drifts with tuning, intonation, and vibrato

Evidence

This is close to 440 Hz, which is the tuning reference f0 for A4 (see Figure 3.21). Variation in tuning accuracy, intonation or, for example, vibrato, if the note were not played on an open string, will mean that the f0 measured for any particular individual cycle is not likely to be exactly equivalent to one of the reference f0 values in Figure 3.21. An average f0 measurement over a number of individual periods might be taken in practice. — David M. Howard, Jamie Angus, Acoustics and Psychoacoustics, 785

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Real musical f0 measurements drift cycle to cycle and need averaging; Pitch shift from uniform frequency change depends on overtone structure; The fundamental frequency of a pitched sound is measurable from its waveform period — David M. Howard, Jamie Angus, Acoustics and Psychoacoustics, 891

Broader Connections

• Real musical f0 measurements drift cycle to cycle and need averaging #corroborates (0.90)
• The fundamental frequency of a pitched sound is measurable from its waveform period #complicates (0.80) — David M. Howard, Jamie Angus, Acoustics and Psychoacoustics, 891
• Pitch shift from uniform frequency change depends on overtone structure #qualifies (0.75)