Malcolm X rejected both nonviolence and Christianity as paths to freedom

Evidence

Malcolm X, the Nation of Islam, and the rise of Black Power presented a more serious challenge to the Black church’s vision of the path toward freedom. Malcolm X not only ridiculed the philosophy of nonviolence and disparaged the desire for integration; he rejected Christianity as “the white man’s religion” and was a vocal detractor of King. — Nikole Hannah-Jones et al., The 1619 Project, 1045

Categorization

• XREF: Shows the fraternal split between competing Black liberation frameworks — parallels the reader’s interest in competing origin narratives and what counts as authentic Black identity/religion. — connects to: Malcolm X made Islam nationally visible and converted public Islam to anti-racist theology — Cyra Akila Choudhury, Racecraft and Identity in the Emergence…, 187; Malcolm X demanded equality before any reconciliation with whites