Loss of freedom has been quantified at trillions to quadrillions of dollars.

Evidence

Slavery didn’t just drain enslaved people of the fruits of their labor. It also resulted in the loss of their bodily autonomy and freedom. They had no decision-making power over their own lives or how they spent their time. Loss of freedom is a difficult concept to measure, but experts estimate that the value of the hours lost to slavery is cumulatively between 35 trillion and 16 quadrillion. — Dorothy A. Brown, Getting to Reparations, 452

Categorization

• QUESTION: $16 quadrillion is an extreme figure — need the source and estimation rationale, since it could undermine credibility in a debate as outliers do.