Local movements and host governments have forced base closures via civil disobedience and leases

Evidence

In 2003, Hawaii persuaded the Navy to return Kahoolawe Island, home to important sacred sites for native Hawaiians. The people of Puerto Rico accomplished the same task that year with the island of Vieques, pushing the Navy off their land with the help of a major movement of peaceful civil disobedience. In contrast, U.S. forces also officially withdrew from Saudi Arabia in 2003 in the aftermath of al-Qaeda’s Khobar Towers bombing and the September 11, 2001, attacks (though some bases and troops have quietly remained). In 2009, the government of Ecuador refused to renew the lease on the base at Manta. And in one of the most remarkable evictions in recent years, the Iraqi parliament refused to allow the United States to retain bases and troops in the country after the end of the U.S. occupation, despite the Pentagon’s desire to maintain as many as fifty-eight “enduring” bases in Iraq (some troops never left; the arrival of new troops to fight the Islamic State in 2014 saw a return to at least five bases). — David Vine, Base Nation_ How U.S. Military Bases…, 946

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Nonviolent civil disobedience tactics won concessions from a resistant federal government — Simone de Beauvoir, The Second Sex, 281