Llull justified crusade as a secondary resort after peaceful preaching failed.

Evidence

In his Phantasticus, Llull specifies that the two swords of Luke 22:38 refer to preaching and war against infidels. The church is to use the spiritual sword of preaching in priority, “deinde si resisterent, tunc papa contra ipsos procurare deberet gladium saecularem.” — John V. Tolan, Saracens, 1973

Categorization

• DEFINE: Explains the medieval exegesis of the ‘two swords’ passage—spiritual preaching first, secular war as fallback—a standard justification for crusade.
• XREF: Parallels the structure in the same chapter’s treatment of how missionary preaching and crusade were presented as complementary; also resonates with modern ‘escalation of means’ arguments in diplomacy.