Lethal anti-Jewish and anti-Muslim violence required the breakdown of social constraints

Evidence

Though these ideas emerged as part of Russian thinkers’ contact with contemporary European ideas, the Russian context was crucial to the elaboration of such politics in the empire. What made them so lethal, though, was the breakdown of all kinds of social and political constraints on the mobilisation of violence, by diverse actors who ranged across the social spectrum, against people whom elites in Russian society had cast as enemies. — James Renton, Ben Gidley (eds.), Antisemitism and Islamophobia in Europe, 554

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to rent-seeking and institutional breakdown literatures from the law/trust chapters previously curated; also echoes the moral-panic literature where elite demonization precedes but does not equal violence.