Labeling a people as pre-modern justifies denying them legal rights.

Evidence

Race informs everything concerning how I have come to think about Muslims in today’s world. As I have shown, Muslims are stigmatized, put under surveillance, denied full citizenship rights, and detained in camps on the basis that they are a pre-modern people located outside of reason, a people against whom a secular, modern people must protect themselves. Once confined outside modernity, evicted as it were to the uncivilized side of things, Muslims are also evicted from the law. — Sherene Razack, Casting Out, 395

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to the ‘culture of exception’ literature referenced in the next paragraph — Agamben-style sovereign exclusion — and to the reader’s work on how ideological frameworks legitimate violence.
• DEFINE: Names the book’s central thesis in one move: Muslims are cast out of law by being cast out of modernity.