Judicial turnover shifts policy only modestly because precedent and judicial role constrain new judges.

Evidence

What causes changes in judicial policy? Some changes result from changes in judicial personnel. When judges are replaced by others with different legal and political views, the judicial decisions will reflect those differences. However, personnel changes on the courts, unlike those in other branches, rarely produce dramatic shifts in policy. — G. Alan Tarr, Judicial Process and Judicial…, 3173

Categorization

• XREF: Ties back to Chapter 8 on precedent and judicial role conceptions as brakes on policy change — useful for an exam on why appointments matter less than expected.