Judges show positive in-group bias favoring litigants of their own race

Evidence

Grossman et al. (2016) analyzed panel decisions of appellate court judges, instead of solo bench decisions of individual judges as in Shayo and Zussman (2011), and found that appeal outcomes of Jewish defendants were independent of the ethnic composition of the panel of judges, but that Arab defendants received more lenient punishment when the panel included at least one Arab judge. — Joseph Avery, Jim Sidanius, Joel Cooper, Gregory Davis, Amanda N., Bias in the Law, 763