Japanese American wartime convictions stemmed from refusing racist treatment.

Evidence

Second, the president was to issue pardons for all those convicted of violating laws related to the relocation and exclusion of ethnic Japanese, such as curfews and orders to report to specific assembly areas. Any other wartime convictions of ethnic Japanese should also be reevaluated by the Department of Justice and pardoned by the president since their “offenses were grounded in a refusal to accept treatment that discriminated among citizens on the basis of race or ethnicity.” — Dorothy A. Brown, Getting to Reparations, 208

Categorization

• XREF: The reparations remedy-architecture category of pardons/exonerations recalls Milgrom’s remedies; models a distinct remedy type Brown may distinguish later.
• DEFINE: Shows a reparations scheme involving PARDONS (clearing criminal records) as distinct from apology and payment.