Italian city states pioneered the colonial model later adopted by Spain, Portugal, and Holland

Evidence

Jacob Streider concluded: “The Italian city states developed a colonial system in the Mediterranean, a system which was a precursor and a prototype for Spain and Portugal in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and even for Holland in the seventeenth.” — Cedric J. Robinson, Black Marxism_ The Making of the Black…, 1841

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to the book’s central claim that Black racial capitalism has European-Italian and merchant-capitalist origins running back before Atlantic slavery.