Islamophobia arises from multiple forces, not a single conspiracy.

Evidence

It might seem frustrating to fragment the neat and overarching framework inherent in the ways in which Islamophobia is currently most often used in academic analysis; and one could argue that such fragmentation is weakening the political power of the intellectual critique of Islamophobia. However, it is intellectually more honest to acknowledge that Islamophobia is not the product of a conspiracy against Islam and Muslims, originating from one source that can conveniently be pinpointed and called out. In what follows I attempt to situate both the victims of Islamophobic discourse and those producing and disseminating it within the nexus described above. This requires focusing on specific examples and identifying just how in each instance, several but not all of these forces are at work. This kind of nuanced analysis can arguably be more productive in empowering activist strategies that address the causes and remedies for Islamophobia. — Carl W. Ernst, Islamophobia in America_ The Anatomy of…, 485

Categorization

• XREF: This multi-causal, anti-conspiracy standpoint structure is exactly the sort of methodological scalpel the reader seeks — compare against Beydoun and Grosfoguel chapters.
• QUESTION: Fragmentation may weaken political critique — is analytic rigor versus activist force a real tradeoff?