Islamic law and natural law both oblige Muslims to resist British imperialism

Evidence

We have known that all Muslims and patriots regard among the duties of their conscience obstructing the path of the British, setting up all obstacles in their way to the best of their ability and power, bearing in mind all duties of religion and homeland [watan], and none need, in the provocation of this holy work, an order from the sultan, for the divine shari`a and the natural laws [nawämïs] of every sect and every region of the corners of the earth demand this of every individual guarding his nation. — Eve M. Troutt Powell, A Different Shade of Colonialism_…, 458

Categorization

• DEFINE: Defines the core fusion at the heart of al-Afghani’s Islamic nationalism: shari`a merged with nawamis (natural laws) as twin justifications for anti-imperial resistance.