Islamic conquests governed conquered populations at arm’s length without forced integration

Evidence

When Muslims occupied new territories, only “public law” applied to the conquered populations, such as tax law, criminal law, land law, and the like. The new subjects were to live by their own denominational laws, and more importantly, there were no further “campaigns” or programs to integrate them into the occupiers’ legal system and force them into an educational apparatus with a view to remold them into new subjects, that is, national citizens. — Wael Hallaq, Restating Orientalism, 256

Categorization

• XREF: Contrasts with Foucault’s governmentality and the ‘nation-building’ of modern states; also echoes the Milgrom law-merchant material on legal pluralism in pre-modern trade.
• QUESTION: How accurate is Hallaq’s characterization of Islamic conquest as non-integrative? The ‘no Muslim state existed’ claim is contestable.