Islam’s territorial control was a precondition for orientalism’s rise

Evidence

A geographically continuous region under the firmly entrenched control of Islam, inhabited by people whose customs as well as religion were understood as distinctive from those of the Christian West—these were the necessary if not sufficient conditions for the rise of orientalism. The Orient became orientalized. — Ivan Davidson Kalmar, Derek Penslar, Orientalism and the Jews, 110

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Orientalist racial hierarchy of Muslims required European military superiority to arise — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of…, 122