Institute staff forced out published major English works before Horkheimer’s own

Evidence

Fromm’s Escape from Freedom and Marcuse’s Reason and Revolution appeared in 1941, and Neumann’s Behemoth in the spring of 1942. It was not until 1944 that Horkheimer, by contrast, who had been relieved of the need to struggle for his existence, brought out the Philosophical Fragments, written in collaboration with Adorno. This was a difficult theoretical text which was published privately in mimeograph, and thus restricted to an extremely small readership. — Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School, 1097

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to the broader arc of the Institute’s decline in exile and to how the forced émigrés (Fromm, Marcuse, Neumann) made their careers independently in American academia.