Indigenous self-defense triggered an unauthorized genocidal counteroffensive by Jackson

Evidence

Traditionalist fighters, called Red Sticks due to the color of their wooden spears, began an offensive against collaborating Upper Creeks and settlers that ended in civil war during 1813. The Red Sticks created chaos that affected Hawkins’s scheme, as they attacked anyone associated with his program. Their effectiveness, however, provoked a genocidal counteroffensive not officially authorized by the federal government, led by Andrew Jackson who was then head of the Tennessee militias. — Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the…, 235

Categorization

• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the…, 235
• XREF: connects to: Unacknowledged wars against Indigenous peoples preceded global US total war — Roxanne Dunbar-Ortiz, An Indigenous Peoples’ History of the…, 37; Contemporary US imperial racism echoes the founding wars against indigenous peoples — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 7; Colonial attacks on a cultural practice determine where resistance crystallizes — Frantz Fanon, A Dying Colonialism, 164

Broader Connections

• Contemporary US imperial racism echoes the founding wars against indigenous peoples #expands (0.60) — Deepa Kumar, Islamophobia and the Politics of Empire, 7
• Colonial attacks on a cultural practice determine where resistance crystallizes #qualifies (0.50) — Frantz Fanon, A Dying Colonialism, 164