In modern war, hatred shifts from individuals to nations, standing in for personal enmity

Evidence

Clausewitz acknowledges that “modern wars are seldom fought without hatred,” but this hatred is located “between nations,” something that “serves more or less as a substitute for hatred between individuals ” (Clausewitz, On ~r, I37-38/G28S-86). — Gil Anidjar, The Jew, the Arab, 1032

Categorization

• XREF: Bearings on the displaced, collective nature of enmity later pursued through Anidjar’s history of the enemy as a theological-political category. — connects to: Suspended ethnic hatreds revived rather than being consumed by war — John Higham, Strangers in the Land: Patterns of…, 1605