Identical canvas compositions swapped Muslim and Jewish villains interchangeably.

Evidence

In the Norsa Madonna (c. 1499), the Muslim figure of Averroes seen in the Triumph of Saint Thomas Aquinas (c. 1323) is replaced with a Jewish family. — Sophia Rose Arjana, Muslims in the Western Imagination, 252

Categorization

• XREF: Direct visual proof for the interchangeability claim; pairs with the paragraph’s closing sentence about enemies par excellence.