Horkheimer shifted revolutionary hope from the proletariat to criminals and the insane.

Evidence

Horkheimer’s hope was that The victory of civilization is too complete to be true. Therefore adjustment in our times involves an element of resentment and suppressed fury.' What Marx and Lukács and, earlier, Horkheimer himself had expected from the proletariatthat its misery was charged with revolutionary energies, that it was a lion crouched to pouncethis was what Horkheimer now expected from all those in thrall to civilization, and above all from the insane, from criminals and from dark’ rebels. — Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School, 1473

Horkheimer’s hope was that The victory of civilization is too complete to be true. Therefore adjustment in our times involves an element of resentment and suppressed fury.' What Marx and Lukács and, earlier, Horkheimer himself had expected from the proletariatthat its misery was charged with revolutionary energies, that it was a lion crouched to pouncethis was what Horkheimer now expected from all those in thrall to civilization, and above all from the insane, from criminals and from dark’ rebels. To carry out, with confidence in man', a denunciation of what is currently called reason’this was what Horkheimer opposed to the fascist demagogues `who seem to be flying in the face of civilization and sponsoring the revolt of nature’. — Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School, 1473

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to earlier chapter claims about Horkheimer abandoning hope in the working class; also resonates with Foucault’s mad/abnormal figures and Bataille’s base materialism. — connects to: The Holocaust’s unbelievability and Western inaction drove Horkheimer from revolution theory to civilization theory. — Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School: Its History,…, 1294; Late Horkheimer embraced anti-Communist and pro-American rhetoric — Martin Jay, The Dialectical Imagination: A History…, 1726
• SEED: Essay angle: how revolutionary hope migrated from the industrial proletariat to the pathological in Frankfurt School thought — the dark rebels as the new vanguard.
• QUESTION: Worth tracing how this ‘dark rebels’ alliance claim gets quietly dropped in Horkheimer’s later texts, as paragraph 1474 itself notes.
• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School: Its History,…, 1473

Broader Connections

• The Holocaust’s unbelievability and Western inaction drove Horkheimer from revolution theory to civilization theory. #expands (0.80) — Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School, 1294
• Late Horkheimer embraced anti-Communist and pro-American rhetoric #corroborates (0.80) — Martin Jay, The Dialectical Imagination, 1726