Horkheimer planned exile preparation by establishing Geneva and Holland outposts before 1933

Evidence

In concluding his remarks, Horkheimer outlined the first task of the Institut under his leadership: a study of workers’ and employees’ attitudes towards a variety of issues in Germany and the rest of developed Europe. Its methods were to include the use of public statistics and questionnaires backed up by sociological, psychological, and economic interpretation of the data. To help collect materials, he announced, the Institut had accepted the offer of Albert Thomas, the director of the International Labor Organization, to establish a branch office of the Institut in Geneva. This proved to he the first of several such branches established outside Germany in the ensuing years. The decision to act on Thomas’s offer was influenced by more than the desire to collect data, for the ominous political scene in Germany gave indications that exile might he a future necessity. Pollock was thus given the task of setting up a permanent office in Geneva; Kurt Mandelbaum, his assistant, went with him. Once the office was firmly established in 1931, the lion’s share of the Institut’s endowment was quietly transferred to a company in a neutral country, Holland. — Martin Jay, The Dialectical Imagination, 149

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to the exile period chapters later in the book — this early hedge explains how the Institute survived 1933. — connects to: The Institute was restructured as a Geneva corporation by February 1933 — Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School: Its History,…, 533; The Institute’s Geneva branch was directed by a Dutch socialist after 1934. — Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School: Its History,…, 550

Broader Connections

• The Institute was restructured as a Geneva corporation by February 1933 #corroborates (0.85) — Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School, 533
• The Institute’s Geneva branch was directed by a Dutch socialist after 1934. #expands (0.75) — Rolf Wiggershaus, The Frankfurt School, 550