Horkheimer opposed Israel’s creation partly to shield Judaism as a whole.

Evidence

In a letter to Lowenthal on November 17, 1945, Horkheimer supported alternatives to the creation of Israel “to prevent Judaism, as a whole, being held morally responsible for the fallacies of Zionism.” — Martin Jay, The Dialectical Imagination, 1566

Categorization

• QUESTION: Horkheimer’s 1945 stance against Israel complicates the Institute’s later reputation; worth chasing how this political position evolved after 1948.
• XREF: Relates to Horkheimer and Adorno’s Dialectic of Enlightenment themes on anti-Semitism and the fate of Jews as outsiders. — connects to: Anti-Zionist Orthodox Jews historically sought common cause with Arabs against the Jewish state. — Ivan Davidson Kalmar, Derek Penslar, Orientalism and the Jews, 447
• SHARE: A narrow, striking detail about a major theorist’s position on Zionism that a specific critical-theory interlocutor would appreciate.

Broader Connections

• Anti-Zionist Orthodox Jews historically sought common cause with Arabs against the Jewish state. #exemplifies (0.70) — Ivan Davidson Kalmar, Derek Penslar, Orientalism and the Jews, 447