Hate of the out-group can arise from mere self-definition by contrast, no competition needed

Evidence

Notably, in Zhong et al.’s (2008a, 2008b) research, the intergroup context was devoid of competition, threat, or other factors associated with zero-sum conditions; out-group derogation resulted from negational categorization alone. Out-group derogation may be “a natural consequence” of negational identification because negational identities focus on how the self is dissimilar to an out-group (i.e., contrast from the out-group; Zhong et al., 2008b, p. 798). For affirmational identities, the focus is on how the self is similar to other in-group members 184 • Karen Gonsalkorale and William von Hippel (i. — Roderick M. Kramer, Geoffrey J. Leonardelli, Robert W. Livingston, Social Cognition, Social Identity, and…, 1113

Categorization

• XREF: Keeps complicating the shared reader thread with Allport on whether perceiving the out-group requires realistic threat — showing pure categorization suffices. — connects to: Negative self-definition against an enemy precedes group violence — Andrew L. Whitehead, American Idolatry, 196
• corroborated: 2 independent passages support this claim — Roderick M. Kramer, Geoffrey J. Leonardelli, Robert W. Livingston, Social Cognition, Social Identity, and…, 1113