Harry Haywood argued Black nationalism grew from indigenous oppression, not foreign influence.

Evidence

In the discussion, I pointed out that Otto’s position was not merely a rejection of Garveyism but also a denial of nationalism as a legitimate trend in the Black freedom movement. I felt that it amounted to throwing out the baby with the bathwater. With my insight sharpened by previous discussions, I argued further that the nationalism reflected in the Garvey movement was not a foreign transplant, nor did it spring full-blown from the brow of Jove. On the contrary, it was an indigenous product, arising from the soil of Black super-exploitation and oppression in the United States. It expressed the yearnings of millions of Blacks for a nation of their own. — Cedric J. Robinson, Black Marxism_ The Making of the Black…, 1053

Categorization

• XREF: Directly advances the reader’s causal question about the tradition’s origin — Black nationalism as autochthonous product of super-exploitation.