Haitian insurgents used guerrilla tactics that confounded French conventional warfare

Evidence

His troops also confronted a new and difficult style of warfare. “This is a war of Arabs,” Leclerc complained to Bonaparte. “We have barely passed before the blacks occupy the woods surrounding the road and cut off our communication.” His troops suffered at the hands of “rebels” who “hide themselves in the bushes” and in the “impenetrable woods that surround the valleys.” When they were repelled, they retreated to safety in the hills. — Dubois, Laurent, Avengers of the New World_ The Story of…, 951

Categorization

• XREF: Connects to guerrilla warfare literature and other colonial counterinsurgency cases; echoes the reading purpose of tracing how terrain and tactics shaped the military arc.