Geographic quotas can function as covert racial discrimination that is nearly impossible to prove
Evidence
Geographical quotas constitute a common and often legitimate means of determining the composition of a student body, and one which may affect the proportion of minorities. Insofar as they serve to broaden the horizons of youth they may be valuable, but when one seeks to take advantage of the fact that minorities are often concentrated in particular state, they may become covert means of illegal discrimination. Since it is impractical to set up ratios based solely on state population, it becomes a matter of some difficulty for the agency to prove that these quotas are not bona fide. — Henry M. Hart, Jr. and Albert M. Sacks, The Legal Process, 1704
Categorization
- XREF: connects to: Proving discrimination requires showing manifest acts, not just prejudiced officials’ beliefs — Henry M. Hart, Jr. and Albert M. Sacks, The Legal Process: Basic Problems in…, 1691; Changing the geographic unit of analysis can make racial siting disparities statistically vanish; Refusing to count by race masks ongoing structural racial restriction (+6 more)
Broader Connections
- Covert racism requires inferential argument to be recognized at all
#expands(0.88) — David Theo Goldberg, John Solomos, A Companion to Racial and Ethnic Studies, 1505 - Mutually canceling in-group biases can erase all detectable signals of racial discrimination
#corroborates(0.86) — Joseph Avery, Jim Sidanius, Joel Cooper, Gregory Davis, Amanda N., Bias in the Law, 769 - The 1921 quota law locked in racial composition as nationality limits
#exemplifies(0.85) — John Higham, Strangers in the Land, 1878 - Changing the geographic unit of analysis can make racial siting disparities statistically vanish
#corroborates(0.82) - Isolating racial bias requires cases identical except for race
#expands(0.80) — Joseph Avery, Jim Sidanius, Joel Cooper, Gregory Davis, Amanda N., Bias in the Law, 732 - Blending among civilians makes discrimination in targeting nearly impossible
#corroborates(0.78) — Albert Bandura, Moral Disengagement, 2275 - Refusing to count by race masks ongoing structural racial restriction
#qualifies(0.75) - Nativists redefined discriminatory quotas as restoring racial fairness.
#corroborates(0.72) — John Higham, Strangers in the Land, 1923