Gender inequality is the most pervasive and oldest form of group-based inequality.

Evidence

Inequality between women and men is perhaps the most pervasive form of group-based inequality facing humankind; it has a long history stretching back thousands of years (Johns, 1947; Seagle, 1947/1971) and exists to some degree in essentially all modern societies (Peterson & Runyan, 1993). In societies where gender inequality exists, its form is exclusively patriarchal with men having more power, resources, and status than women (Abel & Nelson, 1990; Beck & Keddie, 1978; Busch, 1990; Collier & Yanagisako, 1987; Keegen, 1993; Wood & Eagly, 2002). Women continue to be disadvantaged in the labor force compared to men (Burn, 1996; Kanter, 1977; Vasquez, 2001; Williams, 1992), even when controlling for qualifications, job type, and required skills (Bartol, 1999; Jacobs, 1995; Jacobs & Steinberg, 1990; Reskin & Padavic, 1994; Stroh, Brett, & Reilly, 1992). — Nyla R. Branscombe and Bertjan Doosje (eds.), Collective Guilt, 554

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Women’s inferior status relative to men is universal across societies — John T. Jost and Jim Sidanius, Political Psychology, 3177; Gender-inequality analysis must study practices’ work, not just their meanings; Surplus-producing societies organize into age, gender, and arbitrary-set hierarchies. — John T. Jost and Jim Sidanius, Political Psychology, 3263 (+1 more)

Broader Connections

• Women’s inferior status relative to men is universal across societies #corroborates (0.80) — John T. Jost and Jim Sidanius, Political Psychology, 3177
• Surplus-producing societies organize into age, gender, and arbitrary-set hierarchies. #qualifies (0.72) — John T. Jost and Jim Sidanius, Political Psychology, 3263
• Human societies structure hierarchy by age, gender, and arbitrary-sets #qualifies (0.72)
• Gender-inequality analysis must study practices’ work, not just their meanings #complicates (0.70)