Friction, delay, and agency hostility are the built-in costs of the appeals process

Evidence

Thus appeals ordinarily require long delays, the services of advocates, complicated administrative procedures associated with filing, and general hostility from the challenged agency. Recent innovations responsive to client pressure often require public agencies to publish the requirements for appealing and inform clients of their rights to appeal, provide responses within a specified time period, and offer counsel to clients seeking appeals. These innovations still require considerable determination and energy from Public agencies also seek to insure that appeals cannot be sought collectively. — Michael Lipsky, Street-Level Bureaucracy, 989

Categorization

• XREF: connects to: Litigation costs deter even disputants with legitimate grievances — G. Alan Tarr, Judicial Process and Judicial…, 1066; Cheap, effective appeals would clog the system and expose its unfairness — Michael Lipsky, Street-Level Bureaucracy: Dilemmas of…, 988; Stacked appeals financially exhaust opponents who lack deep resources — Robert A. Caro, The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the…, 949 (+2 more)

Broader Connections

• Stacked appeals financially exhaust opponents who lack deep resources #expands (0.85) — Robert A. Caro, The Power Broker, 949
• Slow legal process lets contested practices settle into ordinary acceptance #expands (0.80) — Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism, 440
• Litigation costs fall unevenly across population segments #expands (0.75) — G. Alan Tarr, Judicial Process and Judicial…, 1192