French justice replaced collective responsibility and compensation with individual culpability.

Evidence

The most revolutionary aspect of these provisions was the new emphasis on the personality of criminal offenses and the accompanying forms of punishment. In customary law as the French understood it, a village or family group could be collectively held responsible for an offense committed by one of its members. Similarly, compensation, not imprisonment, was the customary form of retribution for criminal offenses. — Alice L. Conklin, A Mission to Civilize_ The Republican…, 434

Categorization

• XREF: Individual-vs-collective liability is a core republican-legal concept; connects to how republicanism recasts a community’s social order at the individual level.